At the same time, Southern Italy remained rural and poor, originating the Italian diaspora. The new Kingdom of Italy quickly modernized and built a colonial empire, controlling parts of Africa and countries along the Mediterranean. īy the mid-19th century, the Italian unification, led by the House of Savoy, led to the establishment of an Italian nation-state. The Italian Renaissance spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, and art with the start of the modern era. Central Italy remained under the Papal States, while Southern Italy remained largely feudal due to a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Spanish, and Bourbon crowns. The maritime republics, in particular Venice and Genoa, rose to prosperity. After the fall of Rome in AD 476, Italy was fragmented into numerous city-states and regional polities, a situation that would remain until the complete unification of the country in 1871. The Roman Empire dominated Western Europe and the Mediterranean for centuries, contributing to the development of Western culture, philosophy, science and art. The Roman Republic saw its fall after the assassination of Julius Caesar. The Roman Republic then unified Italy forming a confederation of the Italic peoples and rose to dominate Western Europe, Northern Africa, and the Near East. Rome was founded as a kingdom in 753 BC and became a republic in 509 BC. Italy was the birthplace and centre of the ancient Roman civilisation. Since classical antiquity, ancient Etruscans, various Italic peoples (such as the Latins, Samnites, and Umbri), Celts, Magna Graecia colonists, and other ancient peoples have inhabited the Italian Peninsula. The European country of Italy has been inhabited by humans since at least 850,000 years ago.
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